A recent study in Pediatrics suggests that about 1% of US children have autism or a related disorder. That’s nearly 50% higher than previous estimates.

To determine the prevalence of the condition among US children aged 3 to 17 years, Michael Kogan and colleagues at the Health Resources and Services Administration and the CDC queried data from the 2007 National Survey of Children’s Health, which involved outbound calls to more than 78,000 parents.

In the Survey, parents were asked whether a health care provider had ever told them their child had autism, Asperger’s disorder, or pervasive developmental disorder, which are the 3 behavioral conditions that comprise Autism spectrum disorder, or ASD.

Parents who said yes were then asked whether their child had the condition at the time of the call.

The scientists found that 673,000 children had ASD, which equates to a prevalence just above 1%. The odds of having ASD were 4 times higher in boys than in girls. Non-Hispanic black and multiracial children had lower odds of ASD than white children.

Interestingly, parents reported that 40% of all children who were once labeled as having ASD did not currently have it, a finding that suggests over-diagnosis of the condition since there is no known cure.

The reported 1% prevalence is higher than that cited by the previous gold-standard study on the subject, which was published in 2003. It said the prevalence was 1 in 150.

But many urged caution about the apparent change in prevalence. “We don’t know whether the change over time is a result of the change in the actual condition or due to the fact that the condition is being recognized differently,” the CDC’s Ileana Arias told CNN.

The study raises “a lot of questions about how we are preparing in terms of housing, employment, social support — all the issues that many of these people are going to need,” added Tom Insel, who directs the National Institute of Mental Health.

Are you reading this while checking email, chatting on IM, waiting for your purchase to clear PayPal and signing your mum’s birthday card?

If so, please set all that aside for a moment and take note.

A study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Science suggests that people who tend to involve themselves in multiple media-oriented activities at the same time perform relatively poorly on tests requiring them to shift attention from one task to another.

To reach these conclusions, Clifford Nass and colleagues at Stanford administered a survey to 262 college students which elicited a history of media utilization and whether or not they tendened to engage in multiple tasks simultaneously.

They collected information regarding the use of computer games, online video and audio, TV, cell phones, text and instant messaging, and computer software like word processors.

After completing the survey, the students underwent a battery of tests in which they had to evaluate certain colored triangles while ignoring other ones, categorize words, alternate between classifying numbers and letters, and press a certain button when they saw a match between 2 symbols presented at different times.

The scientists found that heavy multitaskers executed these functions more slowly than with those who rarely used more than one medium at a time. The multitaskers, it turned out, were more easily distracted by irrelevant information because they retained it in their short-term memories for a longer period of time.

The difference amounted to about a half-second delay on most tests, a difference large enough to cause noticeable problems in everyday life. (more…)

The “silent crisis” known as global warming already kills 300,000 people per year, and that number will double in just 2 decades, according to a report by the Global Humanitarian Forum.

The “Human Impact Report: Climate Change”  was released in anticipation of a meeting  of the United Nations Climate Conference to be held next winter.

The purpose of that conference will be to develop a post-Kyoto climate agreement.

“We are trying to get the world’s attention…climate change is not something waiting to happen. It is impacting seriously the lives of many people around the world,” Forum president Kofi Annan told CNN.

“This threat to our health…to food production… to security…raises political tensions. It will have people on the move — and they are on the move — and many more which will bring tensions,” Annan added.

The report states that the Earth’s atmosphere warmed 1.33 degrees Fahrenheit between 1906 and 2005. Most of the jump transpired in recent decades.

It projects that by the turn of the next century, the Earth’s atmospheric temperatures will jump a minimum of an additional 2.3 degrees Fahrenheit, “no matter what.”

“The suffering documented in this report is only the beginning.” The minimally expected rise, concluded the report, “would be catastrophic.”

Nearly all, 99%, of the 300,000 lives lost each year due to climate change are located in developing countries, which collectively produce about 1% of the world’s carbon emissions. Climate-related deaths due to malnutrition, diarrheal illnesses and malaria dwarf all other weather-related deaths.

The countries most vulnerable to global warming lie in a semi-arid belt extending from the Sahara/Sahel to the Middle East and Central Asia, as well as those in Sub-Saharan Africa, South and Southeast Asia, Latin America and the Arctic.

Australia was cited as the most vulnerable among first-world nations. It is already experiencing the worst 15-year drought in recorded history.

The report says developed countries need to contribute 100 times more funds than they currently devote to help developing nations fight the scourge.

Annan implored nations attending next winter’s meeting to reach a “global, effective, fair and binding” accord on climate change. Those talks could “well be the last chance for avoiding global catastrophe,” he told CNN.

A panel of experts has recommended that the FDA should ban the prescription painkillers Vicodin and Percocet, and that the “safe maximal” dose of Tylenol be reduced significantly.

The panel voted 20 to 17 to ban on the 2 narcotic-acetaminophen combo drugs.

It also recommended that extra-strength Tylenol be made available by prescription only, and that dosing recommendations for children’s Tylenol be reexamined.

The problem with all of them, according to the panel, is acetaminophen, which has long-since been linked to liver damage.

The group recommended that the FDA “send a clear message that there’s a high likelihood of overdose from prescription narcotics and acetaminophen products,” Sandra Kweder of the FDA’s Office of New Drugs said at a press conference.

Acetaminophen overdoses prompted 56,000 emergency room visits, 26,000 hospitalizations and 458 deaths in the 1990s, the FDA reported.  It is also, according to the CDC, by far the most common cause of acute liver failure, which strikes about 1,600 people each year.

Acetaminophen is also found in NyQuil, Pamprin, Allerest and dozens of other OTC remedies for colds and flu, headache, menstrual symptoms, allergies, insomnia, arthritis and other minor ailments.

The panel decided against recommending a ban on OTC drugs containing acetaminophen, since they cause less than 10% of all overdoses with this drug.

Abbott Laboratory’s Vicodin and its generic congeners are the most frequently prescribed drugs in the US, according to IMS Health. Nearly 124 million prescriptions were written for the juice last year alone.

The FDA is not required to follow the recommendations of its panels, though it usually does.

A jury has acquitted W.R. Grace & Company and its former executives of knowingly exposing mine workers and the residents of Libby, Montana to asbestos.

“We at Grace are gratified by today’s verdict and thank the men and women of the jury who were open to hearing the facts,” said Fred Festa, the company’s CEO in a statement obtained by CNN.

Prosecutors had alleged the mining company conspired to “knowingly release” asbestos for decades. “It was a purpose of the conspiracy to conceal and misrepresent the hazardous nature of the…asbestos contaminated vermiculite, thereby enriching defendants and others,” read the indictment.

Best estimates are that Libby residents suffered 200 excess deaths and 1,000 illnesses due to asbestos exposure.

The fine, dusty stuff had blanketed everything in town from big rigs to baseball fields. Libby residents testified that Grace never told them about health risks associated with the stuff.

Grace never denied that asbestos came from its vermiculite mine in town, nor that it had sickened and killed many, but it vigorously denied a conspiracy.

In fact, it claimed that it acted responsibly once it became aware of the problem, and that it paid millions to cover the asbestos-related medical bills of Libby residents.

Asbestosis causes numerous illnesses including mesothelioma, a rare cancer that originates in the lining of the lungs, abdomen and heart.

Grace faced fines of up to $280 million, and certain Grace executives were looking at jail time had the verdict gone the other way.

“I don’t see how they could have gotten out of it,” said Steven Schnetter, who worked at the mine for 17 years before developing asbestosis, a lung disease caused by exposure to asbestos fibers.

When it comes to the early diagnosis of autism, scientists are on a roll.

Last month, a group at Yale showed that autistic children could be differentiated from age-matched controls by their responses to visual and auditory cues in cartoons.

Now, a group at UNC has demonstrated using MRI scans that a specific part of the brain known as the amygdala was roughly 13% larger in autistic children than it was in normally developing kids, even after adjusting for age, gender and IQ.

To reach this conclusion, Joseph Piven and colleagues scanned the noggins of 50 toddlers with autism and 33 age-matched controls that were developing normally.

“We believe that children with autism have normal-sized brains at birth but at some point, in the latter part of the first year of life, (the amygdala) begins to grow in kids with autism,” Piven told CNN.

The amygdala helps people process faces and emotions, a behavior known as joint attention. Piven’s group confirmed that toddlers with big amygdalas had joint attention problems.

“We would basically try to get the child to look one way, we’d turn and point to a clock and see whether or not the child would notice it,” Piven explained. “The 2-year-olds without autism would…see where you are looking and join you but the children with autism, with large amygdalas, would not.”

Autism experts say such findings are critical in developing new ways to diagnose autism and initiate treatment earlier in the course of the disease.

Autism affects about 1 in 150 children. It is the most rapidly growing serious developmental disability in the US. The average age for diagnosis of autism is 3.

The findings appear in the Archives of General Psychiatry.

West Virginia Republican delegate Craig Blair thinks that people who file for welfare, unemployment or food stamps ought to be drug-free. So he introduced a bill requiring applicants for such programs to undergo random drug testing.

He makes the case at notwithmytaxdollars.com.

“The message that we’re trying to send is, first of all, we need to respect taxpayers and how their monies are spent,” Blair told CNN. “Drug addiction is in epidemic proportions, and not only in West Virginia but throughout the United States.”

The bill proposes that people who fail the test would get benefits and 60 days to sober up. A second failed test would result in the loss of benefits for 2 years.

“It seems ironic that welfare and unemployment are both designed to get you back to work and everything, but how is that possible if you’re on drugs?” Blair wondered.

Nine other states are considering similar legislation, although proposals in Arizona and Michigan have either been nixed by the courts or deemed too expensive.

Graham Boyd, director of the ACLU’s Drug Law Reform Project, ridiculed the idea as “typical political theater. [You'd think] people would be more compassionate now that people have lost jobs,” Boyd added.

And the Brookings Institute’s Ron Haskins clarifies that “unemployment is really not a welfare program. It’s an insurance program. (People have) paid into the program each month they’ve had earnings,” he explained to CNN.

But Blair claims he’s been flooded with support for his proposal. The nation’s epidemic drug abuse problem and the tanking economy call for “tough love,” he said.

The Labor Department reports that 5.6 million people collect jobless checks right now, and nearly 32 million get food stamps.

That’s a lot of drug tests, Craig.

By all accounts, Cerrie Burnell has the skills and make-up to be terrific in her new role has co-host for Cbeebies, a BBC children’s show aimed at kids 6 years old and under.

It’s just that Burnell was born with one hand, and the plainly visible disability has roiled some British parents who worry what impact the gestalt might have on their children.

BBC Spokesperson Katya Mira said the network has received at least 25 “official” complaints since Burnell joined the show in January, and that’s not counting dozens more negative comments posted in chat rooms and blogs.

One father complained for example that the hostess forced him to discuss disabilities with his child before he would have preferred.

Mira was quick to add that the BBC has “received 99 appreciations of (Burnell),” according to CNN.

Before joining Cbeebies, Burnell had worked as an actress for theater companies in Manchester, England and Brazil.

BBC’s January news release introducing Burnell did not mention her disability, although it was accompanied by a PR photo in which the right sleeve of her sweater was rolled up leaving the missing lower limb in plain sight.

Burnell has heard the criticism and remains unperturbed.

“It can only be a good thing that parents are using me as a chance to talk disability with their children. It just goes to show how important it is to have positive, disabled role models on CBeebies and television in general,” Burnell told CNN.

And BBC controller Michael Carrington voiced strong support for Burnell. “Cerrie is warm and natural and we think that, in time, all moms and dads and children will love her as much as we do,” he said.

Recent studies have shown that sleep-deprived people are 3 times more likely to catch a cold than the well rested and that each hour of rack time above 5 is associated with a 33% drop in the risk of developing (egad) coronary artery disease.

Meanwhile, 40% of Americans believe that getting adequate sleep is as important to overall health and well being as diet and exercise.

It doesn’t matter.

Americans are cutting back on sleep relentlessly.

According to a poll conducted by the National Sleep Foundation, the number of Americans who average less than six hours a night jumped from 13% to 20% between 2001 and 2008, while the number claiming to get at least eight fell from 38% to 28%.

In addition, 54% of adults-which works out to 110 million licensed drivers-report having driven while drowsy at least once last year. Frighteningly, nearly a third report nodding off or flat out falling asleep while driving a vehicle last year.

“The economy is a major factor why people are losing sleep,” understated sleep expert Raj Kakar to CNN.

To which David Cloud added, “it’s easy to understand why so many people are concerned over the economy and jobs, but sacrificing sleep is the wrong solution.”

The CEO of the National Sleep Foundation added, “sleep is essential for productivity and alertness and is a vital sign for one’s overall health.”

And besides, the sleep-skipping trend antedated the Great Economic Crisis, aided and abetted as it has been by SportsCenter, the Internet, cell phones and Crackberries, not to mention what Wilson Pickett had in mind.

And there’s a macho thing, too.

“Our society has valued people who brag about being able to function on very little sleep as a mark of someone who is aggressive, dynamic, successful,” Neil Kavey, Director of the Sleep Disorder Center at Columbia told CNN.

For decades, folks in Libby, Montana knew the fine dusty stuff that covered everything in town from big rigs to baseball fields was asbestos.
 
They knew where it was coming from, too. Right over there, wafting out of the W. R. Grace mine on the other side of town.

NBD. Just part of life, they assumed. No one told them otherwise.

Lifetime resident Helen Bundrock remembers Grace “called it a nuisance dust, (they) did.”

Helen, her husband and 4 of their 5 children have been diagnosed with asbestosis, a slowly progressive lung disease that is associated with mesothelioma and premature death.

Turns out the medical community and who knows, maybe some mining companies knew about the risks of asbestos for decades.

Now, Federal prosecutors have put the mining company on trial. They claim asbestosis sickened at least 1,000 residents of Libby Montana, and killed 200 more.

“There’s never been a case where so many people were sickened or killed by environmental crime,” says David Uhlmann, said the Justice Department’s former top prosecutor.

The Feds allege that until 1990, the company conspired to “knowingly release” asbestos and that it failed to reveal the risks to employees and residents, leaving them “in imminent danger of death or serious bodily injury.”

Grace faces fines of up to $280 million if convicted. Several executives could end up in jail.

Grace doesn’t deny that asbestos emanated from the mine nor that some were sickened and died. But it “categorically denies any criminal wrongdoing.” In fact Grace says, as information about the problem became known, it acted to mitigate the risk and communicate openly about it.

The trial is expected to last four months.

Only the good lord and a handful of scientists could know what goes through a man’s mind when he spots a bikini-clad woman, and one of the latter just reported at the AAAS meeting that men perceive such women to be objects.

Specifically, a part of the brain associated with tool handling and an intent to carry out tasks shows increased activity and blood flow when men watch images of scantily-clad women, according to Susan Fiske, a psychology professor at Princeton.

Meanwhile in many men, it was like somebody pulled the plug on the part of the brain that analyzes other people’s feelings, thoughts and intentions, she added.

The “study…was focused on the idea that men of a certain age view sex as a highly desirable goal, and if you present them with a provocative woman, then that will tend to prime goal-related responses,” Fiske explained to CNN.

Fiske’s study did not examine how women responded to similarly provocative images of men.

Fiske emphasized that the observed reactions in men were not a matter of conscious control. In fact, the poor guys weren’t necessarily even aware what was going on upstairs.

Hundreds of millions of years before humans developed consciousness, males of all species must have been driven to hook up with what they perceived to be the most fertile females as a means to keep their species in the game, so what’s the big deal?

Men “don’t know the extent to which they’re being influenced,” Fiske explained. “It’s important to recognize the effects.”

NASA scientists have detected methane in the atmosphere of Mars, making it more likely—though far from certain—that life exists or existed on the planet.

In early 2003, the scientists observed methane plumes arising from 3 regions of the Red Planet’s northern hemisphere. A little more than a pound of the gas was vented per second according to the scientists, and 19,000 metric tons were spewed in total.

Methane is the primary component of what Earthlings call natural gas. Most of the methane found on Earth is produced by living things (cows come to mind) as a byproduct of food digestion.

But some non-biological processes also produce methane.

So Martian methane comes either from living things past or present, weird and wholly unexplained geological activity or a comet strike.

Lisa Pratt put her money on the former. “Perhaps we need to…think in terms of present-day life holding on somewhere in the subsurface,” she said at a NASA briefing covered by CNN and the New York Times.

The Indiana University geologist who was not involved with the research added, “It’s prudent that we begin to explore Mars looking for the possibility of a life form that’s exhaling methane.”

The NASA scientists observed the methane plumes on Mars using the Keck Telescope and a NASA-owned Infrared Telescope in Hawaii. They recently published their findings in Science.

Just when it starts to look like we might finally expand health coverage and access in this country, we get word that 49% of physicians responding to a recent survey say they plan to reduce their panel sizes or quit practice altogether due to poor working conditions.

The Physician’s Foundation sent the survey to 250,000 primary care physicians and 50,000 specialists. It received 12,000 responses.

The results showed widespread frustration—particularly among primary care physicians—due to burdensome administrative responsibilities, reimbursement delays and governmental regulations.

- 94% said time spent on clerical duties increased in the last 3 years
- 63% said this caused them to spend less time with patients
- 82% said their practices would be unsustainable with further Medicare cuts
- 60% said they would not recommend medicine as a career
- 17% said their practices’ financial position was healthy and profitable
- 45% said they would retire today if they could

“Going into this project we generally knew about the shortage of physicians; what we didn’t know is how much worse it could get over the next few years,” said Lou Goodman, President of the Physicians’ Foundation. 

News of PCP dissatisfaction is not lost on students preparing to graduate US medical schools, where only 2% have indicated plans to enter primary care. That’s down from 9% in 1990.

The American Medical Association used this and other data to estimate that the US will be 35,000 PCPs short by 2025.

And strung-out PCPs don’t want to hear it but we’re more likely to empower nurse practitioners, utilize new provider venues like retail clinics and recruit more foreign medical graduates than we are to fix the fundamental issues raised by the surveys.

Tainted milk produced in China has sickened 53,000 children and tarnished the nation’s reputation as a food exporter. And the scandal isn’t going away soon.

Toxic melamine, a nitrogen-rich product used to make plastics and by scoundrels to drive up apparent protein concentrations in watered-down milk, has now been detected in yogurt, cake and sweets. Several countries in Africa and Asia have banned diary imports from China after receiving shipments of affected milk. European chocolate-maker Cadbury recalled its China-produced products as well.

A month ago, China’s government did an abrupt about-face on the matter. In the run-up to the Olympics, government-controlled Internet portals squelched stories about the scandal. After the Olympics, the government made a showy effort to get out front. It detained the chairwoman of Sanlu, one of the dairy concerns at the heart of the scandal.  It arrested some milk distributers and detained others. The mayor and local Communist Party leader of Sanlu’s home city have resigned, as has the head of China’s national quality control bureau.

It’s unlikely these steps will fix China’s food-processing systems. Local party leaders are responsible for quality control, and many enjoy cozy relations with food producers.

Foreign companies have known the Chinese system was suspect. Unilever ended joint ventures with local producers years ago. McDonald’s developed a closed supply chain for its signature offerings, and Coca-Cola monitors suppliers with enormous vigor.